黄土丘陵区生物结皮条件下土壤有机质及氮素的累积特征

【目的】研究生物结皮条件下土壤有机质及不同形态氮素含量的变化,明确生物结皮养分积累及培肥土壤的作用,为其潜在的环境风险评价提供依据。【方法】采用野外调查结合室内分析的方法,调查黄土丘陵区不同发育年限生物结皮的样地,分层采集样地的土壤样品,同时以同一区域退耕1年以内的撂荒地为对照(CK),测定生物结皮层以及0~2,2~5,5~10cm土层有机质、全氮及碱解氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量。【结果】1)生物结皮条件下,结皮层土壤全氮和有机质的积累过程可分为快速增长和趋于稳定2个阶段,这2个阶段以生物结皮发育13年为界限。结皮发育13年时,结皮层土壤全氮含量达到1.34g/kg,是对照的3.72倍;有机质含量为25.41g/kg,是对照的5.05倍。2)生物结皮明显增加了结皮层土壤碳氮比,结皮发育15年时,结皮层土壤的碳氮比最高,为11.8,但碳氮比与发育年限无关。3)结皮层土壤碱解氮含量及其占全氮的比例明显高于0~10cm土壤和对照,碱解氮含量在生物结皮发育15年时达到最大值(94.89mg/kg),是对照的6.51倍,之后趋于稳定。4)生物结皮增加了结皮层土壤硝态氮和铵态氮的含量以及硝铵比。【结论】生物结皮可以明显提高结皮层土壤氮素含量,增加土壤肥力,对土壤表层氮素积累有重要作用,与此同时,生物结皮也有可能增加氮素的流失风险。     

古尔班通古特沙漠不同类型生物结皮对草本植物多样性影响

选择古尔班通古特沙漠的北部(一号点)、中部(二号点)、南部(三号点)3个不同样点的裸沙和藻结皮、地衣结皮与苔藓结皮3种生物结皮类型,对比研究了草本植物多样性的差异性及其主要环境影响因素。结果表明:(1)不同生物结皮类型的土壤理化性质有明显差异,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量以及黏粒、粉粒和细沙的含量随生物结皮演替显著上升,而中沙和粗沙的含量呈显著下降趋势,在沙漠不同区域呈现明显的空间异质性,二号样点中裸沙和藻结皮的养分含量和pH明显低于一号点和三号点。(2)草本植物的物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数随生物结皮发育呈明显上升趋势,草本植物的物种组成、群落结构在不同类型生物结皮和沙漠不同区域均具有显著差异。(3)在土壤理化特征中,有机质、速效P和全K含量,以及pH和粉粒含量是影响草本植物分布的关键因子。(4)不同类型生物结皮之间的微地形和种类组成差异、种子生物学特性以及生物结皮在不同尺度下的土壤环境异质性共同影响草本植物在生物结皮中的物种组成和丰度,最终导致草本植物群落结构在生物结皮中的演替变化。     

生物结皮对土壤水气传输特性的影响

为研究生物结皮对土壤气体传输、水力传导特性的影响,在陕北水蚀风蚀交错区,以4种处理土样(无结皮、去结皮、3 a生结皮和7 a生结皮)为研究对象,进行土壤导气率、饱和导水率和入渗速率的测定分析.结果表明:在土壤吸湿和脱湿过程中,相同土壤含水率所对应的土壤导气率值不同,且脱湿过程的导气率值高于吸湿过程;生物结皮导致土壤导气率降低;由于生物结皮的存在,土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度增加,在增强土壤持水性的同时降低了土壤的导水性;生物结皮生长年限越久,土壤水分入渗的能力显著降低;3种入渗模型中Horton模型的决定系数R²的值大于同处理下其他模型,该模型更适合于用来模拟该区域生物结皮覆盖下的土壤入渗特征.     

踩踏干扰下生物结皮的水分入渗与水土保持效应

为改善生物结皮对土壤水分的负面影响,通过野外定位观测试验,从入渗、产流产沙两方面探讨了黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区生物结皮在3种踩踏强度下的水土保持效应。结果表明:(1)相比裸土,未被踩踏的生物结皮对水分入渗、地表径流的表现形式并非单一的增加或降低,在雨季初期增渗减流,初期过后减渗增流;(2)不同踩踏强度对水分入渗、地表径流的影响存在明显差异。同裸地对照相比,轻度踩踏结皮增渗12%,减流23.2%,中度踩踏结皮减渗3.6%,减流5.3%,重度踩踏结皮减渗25.5%,增流21.3%;(3)不论是否被踩踏,生物结皮产生的泥沙量都显著低于裸土。同裸土产生的泥沙量相比,轻度踩踏减少56.3%,中度踩踏减少43.5%,重度踩踏减少37.9%,但中度、重度踩踏结皮改变了原先土壤侵蚀格局,增加了泥沙含量。综合考虑入渗和土壤侵蚀认为:轻度踩踏生物结皮可在不增加土壤侵蚀的前提下,促进入渗,减少径流,改善土壤水分状况。     

生物土壤结皮发育及其影响因素研究进展

生物土壤结皮在干旱、半干旱地区分布较为广泛,约占陆地总面积的40%,生物土壤结皮是支撑该区生态系统主要的生物表面特征,在改善生态环境和草地土壤养分调控方面起着重要作用。自1960年以来,国内外许多学者对其生态功能进行了大量研究,但对生物土壤结皮演替机制及其微生境土壤养分变异特征的研究尚不明确。为此,本文就国内外该领域近50年来的研究进展和成果进行了详细阐述,以期了解生物土壤结皮发育对土壤肥力的作用过程;同时,也为研究干旱半干旱区退化草地生态系统的恢复与重建提供一定的科学思路。     

沙漠生物结皮层覆盖对风沙土水分蒸发特征的影响

生物结皮作为流动沙丘固定的标志之一,影响着风沙土水文的变化特征。本文研究结果表明：生物结皮覆盖直接影响着风沙土水分的再分配过程;不同类型生物结皮对土壤自然含水状况和降水再分配的影响不同。生物结皮覆盖对0～5cm土层的土壤自然含水量具有一定的保护作用。同时,随着土层深度的增加,不同覆盖状态下,土壤自然含水量发展趋势不同。沙土表层覆盖方式和降水条件不同时,生物结皮层覆盖均不能有效地阻止水分的蒸发过程,并因生物结皮类型的差异,表现出不同的变化趋势。     

黄河源区黑土滩人工草地地表结皮与未结皮区土壤微生物多样性

为研究微生物群落多样性对土壤生物结皮的响应,本试验通过对有生物结皮和无生物结皮土壤微生物多样性的研究,分析黑土滩人工草地有生物结皮和无生物结皮土壤微生物细菌群落多样性。结果显示,无论是否有土壤生物结皮,土壤微生物细菌群落门水平的优势群落相同。变形菌门Proteobacteria群落都表现出在有生物结皮土壤中的百分含量大于五生物结皮土壤。放线菌门Actinobacteria和酸杆菌门Acidobacteria微生物含量在无生物结皮土壤中高于有生物结皮土壤。PCA分析结果表明,在相同采样地点有土壤生物结皮与无土壤生物结皮群落之间微生物细菌群落遗传距离较近,而不同采样点之间的微生物细菌群落遗传距离相对较远。本研究认为土壤生物结皮的形成与土壤中微生物群落结构的变化密切相关,微生物群落结构组成的变化在一定程度上能够说明土壤生物结皮的发生。     

生物地毯治沙工程—生物结皮现状的研究进展

生物土壤结皮（Biological Soil Crusts,BSC_S）是荒漠地段广泛分布的地表活性覆盖物,在干旱区生态恢复过程中存在不可替代的多重生态功能。本文从干旱、半干旱地区BSC_S形成、演替和分布规律,以及其对土壤理化性质、碳氮固存、抵抗风蚀、水分入渗等多种生态功能的影响等两个方面来阐述国内外BSC_S的研究现状,总结BSC_S研究中存在的问题,探讨BSC_S研究前沿问题和未来趋势,试图在BSC_S的生态研究、监测、管理和修复方面提出新的观点和见解,这对进一步开展BSC_S相关研究具有重要意义。     

Revisiting classic water erosion models in drylands: The strong impact of biological soil crusts

Soil erosion and subsequent degradation has been a contributor to societal collapse in the past and is one of the major expressions of desertification in arid regions. The revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) models soil lost to water erosion as a function of climate erosivity (the degree to which rainfall can result in erosion), topography, soil erodibility, and land use/management. The soil erodibility factor (K) is primarily based upon inherent soil properties (those which change slowly or not at all) such as soil texture and organic matter content, while the cover/management factor (C) is based on several parameters including biological soil crust (BSC) cover. We examined the effect of two more precise indicators of BSC development, chlorophyll a and exopolysaccharides (EPS), upon soil stability, which is closely inversely related to soil loss in an erosion event. To examine the relative influence of these elements of the C factor to the K factor, we conducted our investigation across eight strongly differing soils in the 0.8 million ha Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument. We found that within every soil group, chlorophyll a was a moderate to excellent predictor of soil stability (R² = 0.21–0.75), and consistently better than EPS. Using a simple structural equation model, we explained over half of the variance in soil stability and determined that the direct effect of chlorophyll a was 3× more important than soil group in determining soil stability. Our results suggest that, holding the intensity of erosive forces constant, the acceleration or reduction of soil erosion in arid landscapes will primarily be an outcome of management practices. This is because the factor which is most influential to soil erosion, BSC development, is also among the most manageable, implying that water erosion in drylands has a solution.     

Stand structure and height-diameter relationship of a degraded Populus euphratica forest in the lower reaches of the Tarim River,Northwest China

Understanding stand structure and height-diameter relationship of trees provides very useful information to establish appropriate countermeasures for sustainable management of endangered forests. Populus euphratica, a dominant tree species along the Tarim River watershed, plays an irreplaceable role in the sustainable development of regional ecology, economy and society. However, as the result of climate changes and human activities, the natural riparian ecosystems within the whole river basin were degraded enormously, particularly in the lower reaches of the river where about 320 km of the riparian forests were either highly degraded or dead. In this study, we presented one of the main criteria for the assessment of vitality of P. euphratica forests by estimating the defoliation level, and analyzed forest structure and determined the height-diameter(height means the height of a tree and diameter means the diameter at breast height(DBH) of a tree) relationship of trees in different vitality classes(i.e. healthy, good, medium, senesced, dying, dead and fallen). Trees classified as healthy and good accounted for approximately 40% of all sample trees, while slightly and highly degraded trees took up nearly 60% of total sample trees. The values of TH(tree height) and DBH ranged from 0–19 m and 0–125 cm, respectively. Trees more than 15 m in TH and 60 cm in DBH appeared sporadically. Trees in different vitality classes had different distribution patterns. Healthy trees were mainly composed more of relatively younger trees than of degraded tress. The height-diameter relationships differed greatly among tress in different vitality classes, with the coefficients ranging from 0.1653 to 0.6942. Correlation coefficients of TH and DBH in healthy and good trees were higher than those in trees of other vitality classes. The correlation between TH and DBH decreased with the decline of tree vitality. Our results suggested that it might be able to differentiate degraded P. euphratica trees from healthy trees by determining the height-diameter correlation coefficient, and the coefficient would be a new parameter for detecting degradation and assessing sustainable management of floodplain forests in arid regions. In addition, tree vitality should be taken into account to make an accurate height-diameter model for tree height prediction.